In Spanish there are several ways of expressing possession: by adjectives, pronouns, prepositions or definite articles. In addition, the possessive adjectives and the definite articles also may show relation.
1 Possessive adjectives
- In Spanish there are two groups of possessive adjectives.
Group A | First person singular |
Second person singular |
Third person singular |
Singular | Mi | Tu | Su |
Plural | Mis | Tus | Sus |
First person plural |
Second person plural |
Third person plural |
|
Masculine singular | Nuestro | Vuestro | Su |
Feminine singular | Nuestra | Vuestra | Su |
Masculine plural | Nuestros | Vuestros | Sus |
Feminine plural | Nuestras | Vuestras | Sus |
Group B | First person singular |
Second person singular |
Third person singular |
Masculine singular | Mío | Tuyo | Suyo |
Feminine singular | Mía | Tuya | Suya |
Masculine plural | Míos | Tuyos | Suyos |
Feminine plural | Mías | Tuyas | Suyas |
First person plural |
Second person plural |
Third person plural |
|
Masculine singular | Nuestro | Vuestro | Suyo |
Feminine singular | Nuestra | Vuestra | Suya |
Masculine plural | Nuestros | Vuestros | Suyos |
Feminine plural | Nuestras | Vuestras | Suyas |
The possessive adjectives from the group A always precede the nouns they modify, whereas the possessive adjectives from the group B always follow the nouns.
Group A | Group B |
Mi hijo Mi amiga |
Hijo mío Amiga mía |
The possessive adjectives always agree in gender and number with the noun they modify, except mi, tu and su (adjectives from group A).
- The adjectives of the group A sometimes indicate possession.
Esta es mi maleta.
Estas son nuestras maletas.
Others, indicate relation between two things.
Mi avión sale a las cinco.(= The plane belongs to an airline.)
Mi suegra trabaja en el Ayuntamiento. (= A person is not a belonging.)
It is possible todo / toda / todos / todas + possessive adjective of the group A.
Todos mis ahorros están en ese banco.
Todos nuestros clientes están contentos.
It is possible possessive adjective of the group A + cardinal or ordinal number.
Sus tres perros son pastores escoceses. (Cardinal)
Mi segundo marido murió envenenado. (Ordinal)
- Many times, the adjectives of the group A and B are equivalent
Él es amigo tuyo; habla tú con él. (= Él es tu amigo, habla tú con él.)
“Miré los muros de la patria mía, si un tiempo fuertes, ya desmoronados.” (Francisco de Quevedo) (La patria mía = mi patria)
“¿Por qué volvéis a la memoria mía, tristes recuerdos del placer perdido…?” (José de Espronceda) (La memoria mía = mi memoria)
The combination demonstrative adjective + noun + possessive adjective of the group B is found in popular Spanish.
No soporto a ese primo tuyo. (= No soporto a tu primo.)
Este hijo mío me va a matar a disgustos. (= Mi hijo me va a matar a disgustos.)
- The possessive adjectives of the group B may refer to an indefinite number of persons or things with whom we have a relation.
Amigos nuestros han visto esa película y dicen que está bien. (= Unos / algunos amigos nuestros han visto esa película y dicen que está bien.)
Amigos míos han visto esa película y dicen que está muy bien. (= Unos / algunos amigos míos han visto esa película y dicen que está bien.)
In this case, the clauses with indefinite adjectives (and without possessive adjectives) retain the same meaning. It is understood that los amigos are míos or nuestros.
When the nouns are in singular, must be preceded by indefinite article.
Un amigo mío fue de vacaciones a Birmania.
Un amigo nuestro fue de vacaciones a Birmania.
It is possible cardinal number + noun + possessive adjective of the group B with an indefinite sense.
He visto dos películas tuyas. (= You’ve made 20 films and I’ve watched two of them.)
Fui allí con dos amigos míos. (= I have many friends and I went there with two of them.)
However, possessive adjective from the group A + cardinal number + noun has a definite and all-embracing sense.
He visto tus dos películas. (= You’ve made two films and I’ve watched both of them.)
Fui allí con mis dos amigos. (= I only have two friends and I went there with them.)
- In some cases, the use of one possessive adjective or another involves different meanings.
Él me enseñó fotos suyas. (= He showed me photos with his image.)
Él me enseñó sus fotos. (= He owns these photographs because he has bought or took them.)
2 Possessive pronouns
Group A | First person singular |
Second person singular |
Third person singular |
Masculine singular | Mío | Tuyo | Suyo |
Feminine singular | Mía | Tuya | Suya |
Masculine plural | Míos | Tuyos | Suyos |
Feminine plural | Mías | Tuyas | Suyas |
First person plural |
Second person plural |
Third person plural |
|
Masculine singular | Nuestro | Vuestro | Suyo |
Feminine singular | Nuestra | Vuestra | Suya |
Masculine plural | Nuestros | Vuestros | Suyos |
Feminine plural | Nuestras | Vuestras | Suyas |
In some cases, mío, tuyo, suyo, nuestro and vuestro, and their derivatives may act as pronouns. The question ¿de quién es esto?, may be answered: esto es mío or mío.
Group B | First person singular |
Second person singular |
Third person singular |
Masculine singular | El mío | El tuyo | El suyo |
Feminine singular | La mía | La tuya | La suya |
Masculine plural | Los míos | Los tuyos | Los suyos |
Feminine plural | Las mías | Las tuyas | Las suyas |
Neuter | Lo mío | Lo tuyo | Lo suyo |
First person plural |
Second person plural |
Third person plural |
|
Masculine singular | El nuestro | El vuestro | El suyo |
Feminine singular | La nuestra | La vuestra | La suya |
Masculine plural | Los nuestros | Los vuestros | Los suyos |
Feminine plural | Las nuestras | Las vuestras | Las suyas |
Neuter | Lo nuestro | Lo vuestro | Lo suyo |
Article + mío / tuyo / suyo, etc. has pronominal value.
See Nominalization
Esta es la mía.
Aquellas no son las tuyas.
Los míos son mejores que los tuyos.
Both pronoun components refer to gender and number of the possessed thing; the adjectival form (mío, tuyo, suyo, etc.) refers to the person that owns, but the owner’s sex is not expressed.
Mi piso es pequeño, el suyo es más grande. (= Suyo may refer a él or a ella.)
The possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives do not distinguish the gender’s owner. For instance, suyo may refer to one or several owners, male or female. To avoid ambiguities de él, del maestro, de tu prima, etc. may be added.
He visto a Andrés con su mujer; conozco a una prima suya, suya de él.
3 The preposition de shows ownership and possession.
La casa de mi familia es esta.
Esto es de Sara.
¿De quién es este paraguas?
Also authorship.
He leído un libro de Cervantes.
Esta novela es de George Orwell.
4 In popular Spanish, definite articles are also used to indicate possession or relation; sometimes the possessive adjectives are grammatically correct, but sound less natural
Vivo con la familia.(= More used than: vivo con mi familia.)
He venido con la mujer y los hijos. (= More used than: he venido con mi mujer y mis hijos.)